Specific rules govern the reformatting of print forms into braille. Layout of the braille form should follow the principals of the print document layout (basic order and arrangement) wherever possible. If familiarity with the exact layout of the print form is critical to the braille reader, one rendition of the form should be created that […]

Standards have been established by the Library of Congress for preparation of such documents. Careful analysis of the print form should reveal the intention of the designer in terms of the flow and use throughout the document. The narrator should begin the reading with a Reader’s note that gives a general description of the form’s […]

Most written languages also have a set of braille symbols representing that language. Each language and nation generates its own sets of rules concerning those characters and the formatting of the document itself. In most non-English languages, no short-form or contracted braille is used.

If you are farsighted, you have more trouble seeing up close than you do in the distance. However, it also means that you use your focusing system even out in the distance in order to make objects clear. People that don’t have any farsightedness are at rest in the distance and don’t need to use […]

Any eye discomfort caused by viewing something can be called eyestrain. Several causes are: reflective glare, improper corrective lenses, bright lights, improper viewing distance, and dry eyes. Computer usage can be a big contributor to eyestrain. Eyestrain can become a major barrier to use of Adaptive Technology or Assistive Technology. Although the print may be […]

There are many types of eye exams that test for certain conditions or evaluate the health of the eyes. Some of these are: age-related macular degeneration test, glaucoma check, near vision test, Snellen eye tests, dominant eye test, and vision acuity test.

Conditions that impact the ability to see can be caused by injury, by lesions of the brain or optic nerve, by disease of the cornea or retina, by pathological changes originating in systemic disorders and by cataract, glaucoma, or retinal detachment. Blindness can be caused by infectious diseases and by dietary deficiencies in underdeveloped countries. […]

There are many things that can affect the eyes. Some are inherited or develop at birth. Some are caused by accident or overuse of the eyes. Some are caused by diseases.

There are many special professionals who test and treat eye conditions and diseases. See Optometrist, Ophthalmologist, and Optician.

A computer-driven machine pressing braille dots into paper and other thin materials. Please see “Products” for links to manufacturers and retailers of such machines.